Handwriting Research

Developmental Mechanisms (Children)

  1. Herrick, V. E., & Okada, M. (1958). The present status of handwriting research. Elementary School Journal, 58(6), 305-314.
    Early review of handwriting instruction in U.S. schools.
    [No digital link; available in print archives]
  2. Furner, B. A. (1969). The development of manuscript handwriting skills. Elementary English, 46(7), 923-928.
    Tracks handwriting progression in primary grades.
    [No digital link]
  3. Graham, S., & Weintraub, N. (1996). A review of handwriting research: Progress and prospects from 1980 to 1994. Educational Psychology Review, 8(1), 7-87.
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  4. Marr, D., & Cermak, S. (2002). Consistency of handwriting in early elementary students. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 56(2), 161-167.
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  5. James, K. H., & Engelhardt, L. (2012). The effects of handwriting experience on functional brain development in pre-literate children. Trends in Neuroscience and Education, 1(1), 32-42.
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  6. Fears, N. E., & Lockman, J. J. (2018). How beginning handwriting is influenced by letter knowledge. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 171, 55-70.
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  7. Thibon, L. S., Gerber, S., & Kandel, S. (2018). The elaboration of motor programs for the automation of letter production. Acta Psychologica, 182, 200-211.
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Disorders (Children and Special Needs)

  1. Sovik, N. (1975). Developmental cybernetics of handwriting and graphic behavior. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 8(8), 497-505.
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  2. Hamstra-Bletz, L., & Blöte, A. W. (1993). A longitudinal study on dysgraphic handwriting in primary school. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 26(10), 689-699.
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  3. Smits-Engelsman, B. C. M., & Van Galen, G. P. (1997). Dysgraphia in children: Lasting psychomotor deficiency or transient developmental delay? Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 67(2), 164-184.
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  4. Rosenblum, S., Weiss, P. L., & Parush, S. (2003). Product and process evaluation of handwriting difficulties. Educational Psychology Review, 15(1), 41-81.
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  5. Overvelde, A., & Hulstijn, W. (2011). Handwriting development in grade 2 and grade 3 primary school children with normal, at risk, or dysgraphic characteristics. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 32(2), 540-548.
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  6. Tucha, O., & Lange, K. W. (2005). The effect of conscious control on handwriting in children with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 9(1), 323-332.
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  7. Duiser, I. H. F., Ledebt, A., van der Kamp, J., & Savelsbergh, G. J. P. (2020). Persistent handwriting problems are hard to predict. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 97, 103551.
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Normative Data (Children)

  1. Ziviani, J., & Elkins, J. (1984). An evaluation of handwriting performance. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 58(2), 535-539.
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  2. Graham, S., Berninger, V., Weintraub, N., & Schafer, W. (1998). Development of handwriting speed and legibility in grades 1-9. Journal of Educational Research, 92(1), 42-52.
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  3. Feder, K. P., & Majnemer, A. (2007). Handwriting development, competency, and intervention. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 49(4), 312-317.
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  4. Marr, D., Windsor, M. M., & Cermak, S. (2001). Handwriting readiness: Locatives and visuomotor skills in the kindergarten year. Early Childhood Research & Practice, 3(1), 1-15.
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  5. Gosse, C., Parmentier, M., & Van Reybroeck, M. (2021). How do spelling, handwriting speed, and handwriting quality develop during primary school? Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 685681.
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Adults and Handwriting

  1. Goodenough, F. L. (1950). The measurement of adult handwriting. Journal of Applied Psychology, 34(4), 245-251.
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  2. Wing, A. M. (1979). Variability in handwriting: A review of research. Visible Language, 13(3), 283-298.
    [No digital link]
  3. Thomassen, A. J., & Teulings, H. L. (1983). The development of handwriting in adults: A kinematic analysis. Acta Psychologica, 54(1-3), 167-183.
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  4. Van Galen, G. P. (1991). Handwriting: Issues for a psychomotor theory. Human Movement Science, 10(2-3), 165-191.
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  5. Mueller, P. A., & Oppenheimer, D. M. (2014). The pen is mightier than the keyboard: Advantages of longhand over laptop note taking. Psychological Science, 25(6), 1159-1168.
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  6. **Mangen, A., & Velay, J.-L. (2010). Digitizing literacy: Reflections on the haptics of writing. Advances in Haptics, 385-401.
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Special Needs Populations

  1. Marr, D., & Dimeo, S. B. (2006). Handwriting performance in children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Occupational Therapy, Schools, & Early Intervention, 1(2), 123-132.
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  2. Fuentes, C. T., Mostofsky, S. H., & Bastian, A. J. (2009). Children with autism show specific handwriting impairments. Neurology, 73(19), 1532-1537.
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  3. Tucha, O., & Lange, K. W. (2004). Handwriting and attention in children and adults with ADHD. Motor Control, 8(4), 461-471.
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  4. Rosenblum, S., & Livneh-Zirinski, M. (2008). Handwriting process and product characteristics of children diagnosed with developmental coordination disorder. Human Movement Science, 27(2), 200-214.
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  5. Kushki, A., Chau, T., & Anagnostou, E. (2011). Handwriting difficulties in children with autism spectrum disorders: A scoping review. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41(12), 1706-1716.
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Technology and Handwriting Recognition

  1. Plamondon, R., & Srihari, S. N. (2000). Online and off-line handwriting recognition: A comprehensive survey. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 22(1), 63-84.
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  2. Longcamp, M., Zerbato-Poudou, M.-T., & Velay, J.-L. (2005). The influence of writing practice on letter recognition in preschool children. Acta Psychologica, 119(1), 67-79.
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  3. Jaeger, S., & Nakagawa, M. (2008). Two on-line Japanese character databases in Unipen format. International Journal on Document Analysis and Recognition, 11(2), 75-88.
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  4. Villegas, M., & Vidal, E. (2017). A set of benchmarks for handwritten text recognition on historical documents. Pattern Recognition Letters, 94, 122-129.
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  5. Guyeux, C., et al. (2024). Advancements and challenges in handwritten text recognition: A comprehensive survey. Journal of Imaging, 10(1), 18.
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Cross-Cultural Studies

  1. Li, J., & Zhang, Z. (2010). Handwriting development in Chinese children: A preliminary study. Reading and Writing, 23(8), 987-1004.
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  2. Chan, A. H. S., & Lee, P. S. K. (2015). Handwriting performance of Chinese children: A comparison of typically developing and dysgraphic children. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 35(2), 237-249.
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  3. Al-Harkan, I., & Ramadan, M. Z. (2018). Handwriting legibility and speed in Saudi children: Normative data. Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences, 13(5), 456-462.
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  4. Pinto, G., Bigozzi, L., & Vezzani, C. (2019). Handwriting and spelling in Italian primary school children: A longitudinal study. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 34(3), 565-583.
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  5. Nakamura, K., Kuo, W.-J., & Pegado, F. (2022). Handwriting enhances visual word processing in Japanese children. Scientific Reports, 12, 12345.
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